[meteorite-list] Eros Findings Reveal New Way to Study Asteroids

From: Ron Baalke <baalke_at_meteoritecentral.com>
Date: Wed Jul 20 18:41:16 2005
Message-ID: <200507202240.j6KMeQQ26981_at_zagami.jpl.nasa.gov>

http://space.com/scienceastronomy/050720_eros_update.html

Eros Findings Reveal New Way to Study Asteroids
By Robert Roy Britt
space.com
20 July 2005

Most of what geologists know about Earth's interior comes
from monitoring the seismic waves of earthquakes.
Knowledge of the Moon's inner secrets was initially gleaned by slamming
probes into it and studying the shock waves that careened through it.

Now scientists have stumbled on a way to passively monitor the shaking
of an asteroid to learn what it is made of.

A new study of four-year-old data from NASA's NEAR-Shoemaker mission
indicates that a set of vibrations caused by a collision with another
space rock played a major role in sculpting the mug of asteroid Eros.

The idea was first put forth in 2001, but it was speculative. Now, an
outside expert says, they hypothesis is solid as a rock, and it tells
a story of Eros' composition.

Importantly, similar analyses could be used to passively peak inside
other space rocks.

Wild past

Eros is 20 miles (33 kilometers) long and about 8 miles (13 kilometers)
wide. It is the most well studied asteroid. NEAR-Shoemaker mapped Eros
in detail back in 2000-2001 before officials executed a controlled and
dramatic crash landing, the first-ever touchdown on an asteroid.

Like any asteroid, Eros been banging around the solar system in some
form for about 4.5 billion years.

In the early days of the solar system, when things were more crowded,
collisions were frequent.

Some large asteroids become smaller. Some small rocks stuck together and
grew. Many were scooped up by the fledgling Earth and the other planets.

The asteroids that remain, confined mostly to a belt between Mars and
Jupiter, harbor a tale of the solar system's formation. But first
scientists have to figure out how to read their language, with an
alphabet of craters and cracks and a grammar based largely on mineral
composition and density.

Among Eros' most striking features is an impact crater 4.7 miles (7.6
kilometers) wide that scientists have determined was carved fairly
recently. Another curious aspect to Eros is that across nearly 40
percent of its surface, all craters up to about a third of a mile (0.5
kilometers) wide have been erased.

The smooth surface has puzzled scientists since the NEAR landing.

Shaken, not stirred

The new study, led by Cornell University researcher Peter Thomas, nixed
one theory by determining that the vanished craters could not have been
covered by material ejected in the recent large impact. Further, the
locations of the erased craters suggests they were jiggled out of
existence by the internal vibrations caused in the impact.

The hypothesis, if right, can be used to glean an idea of how the
asteroid is constructed. Scientists have long wondered if asteroids were
solid rocks or, as is likely in at least some cases, loose piles of
rubble that have undergone many collisions and managed to hang together.

"Our observations indicate that the interior of Eros is sufficiently
cohesive to transmit seismic energy over many kilometers, and the outer
several tens of meters [yards] of the asteroid must be composed of
relatively non-cohesive material," Thomas and his colleague, Mark
Robinson of Northwestern University, write in the July 21 issue of the
journal Nature.

That outer non-cohesive stuff would be regolith, which on Earth is
called dirt and on our nearest natural satellite is known as Moon dust.

"For the first time, the authors provide convincing evidence that makes
this conclusion more than just reasonable conjecture," says Erik
Asphaug, a scientist at the University of California, Santa Cruz who was
not involved in the study.

New opportunities

The results confirm what Thomas first suspected back in 2001 and what
University of Arizona's James Richardson Jr. found in separate work
last year.

The findings are likely to remake the way asteroids are studied.

Scientists have used craters as a way to figure out how ancient or fresh
a space rock's surface is. Myriad small craters suggest a long history
and thus an old surface. A smoother surface with fewer craters would
imply a rock had recently been cleaved or somehow resurfaced.

At least that was the thinking.

"This asteroidal Botox calls into question the habit of dating asteroid
surfaces through their cratering record," Asphaug writes in a separate
analysis in the journal.

A rubble pile, Asphaug explains, would dampen vibrations during an
impact. That would leave more small craters intact, causing the asteroid
to appear older based on the conventional method of analysis.

Eros, while it has a deep surface of loose material, is solid enough on
the inside, at least in parts, to transmit seismic waves efficiently.

If convention is indeed overturned, the shift could be a boon to space
rock studies.

The finding suggests large and newer impact craters, like the one on
Eros, could be used as proxies for seismic data, Asphaug points out. The
insides of other asteroids might be probed just by mapping their
surfaces. "Thomas and Robinson's work also opens up a new way of looking
at asteroids," he said.

Perhaps the passive technique could even go active.

Given the success of NASA's recent Deep Impact mission, which crashed a
small probe into a comet, Asphaug sees value in a similar project that
would first place seismic sensors on a space rock, so that the interior
could be mapped during the collision.
Received on Wed 20 Jul 2005 06:40:25 PM PDT